术语表 Glossary

一种以个体内在能力为核心的系统生物学框架，通过多组学数据量化评估人体功能储备、衰老轨迹与健康状态，实现从疾病诊断到能力管理的范式转变。

A systems biology framework centered on individual intrinsic capacity, utilizing multi-omics data to quantitatively assess functional reserve, aging trajectories, and health status, enabling a paradigm shift from disease diagnosis to capability management.

世界卫生组织提出的概念，指个体在任意给定时间点可利用的所有身体和心理能力的综合表现，包括认知、心理、感官、活力和运动五个维度。

A concept introduced by the WHO representing the composite of all physical and mental capacities that an individual can draw upon at any given time, encompassing cognitive, psychological, sensory, vitality, and locomotor domains.

个体在面对应激或疾病时，器官系统所能调用的超出基础功能需求的额外功能容量，是衡量生理韧性和衰老程度的关键指标。

The additional functional capacity beyond baseline requirements that an organ system can mobilize in response to stress or disease, serving as a key indicator of physiological resilience and aging status.

可客观测量并作为正常生物学过程、致病过程或药理学反应指示物的特征，包括基因组、蛋白质组、代谢组等多层次的分子指标。

A characteristic that is objectively measured and evaluated as an indicator of normal biological processes, pathogenic processes, or pharmacological responses, encompassing molecular indicators across genomics, proteomics, and metabolomics layers.

基于DNA甲基化位点模式构建的生物学年龄估算工具，通过特定CpG位点的甲基化水平计算表观遗传年龄，与实际年龄高度相关且可预测衰老相关结局。

A biological age estimation tool constructed from DNA methylation patterns at specific sites, calculating epigenetic age from CpG methylation levels, which is highly correlated with chronological age and can predict aging-related outcomes.

反映个体生理衰老程度的量化指标，通过生物标志物综合计算得出，与日历年龄不同，可更准确地评估健康状态、疾病风险和预期寿命。

A quantitative measure reflecting an individual's physiological aging status, calculated from composite biomarkers, which differs from chronological age and more accurately assesses health status, disease risk, and life expectancy.

从出生时刻到当前时刻的时间跨度，以年为单位计量的年龄，是传统人口学分类的基础指标，但不能准确反映个体真实的生理状态。

The time span from birth to the present measured in years, serving as the foundational metric for traditional demographic classification but not accurately reflecting an individual's true physiological status.

一组能够独特标识衰老过程的分子特征组合，包括基因表达谱、表观遗传修饰、蛋白质组和代谢物变化等多维度的特征模式。

A combination of molecular features that uniquely identifies the aging process, including multi-dimensional characteristic patterns across gene expression profiles, epigenetic modifications, proteome, and metabolite changes.

各器官系统在静息功能之上额外具备的功能容量，随年龄增长逐渐耗竭，是评估个体对急性应激代偿能力的重要参数。

The additional functional capacity that each organ system possesses beyond its resting function, which gradually depletes with age and serves as an important parameter for assessing an individual's compensatory capacity during acute stress.

机体在应对生理需求增加时所能动员的最大功能增量，反映系统适应性和代偿能力，是预测老年人功能衰退和残疾风险的关键指标。

The maximum functional increment that the body can mobilize in response to increased physiological demands, reflecting systemic adaptability and compensatory capacity, and serving as a key predictor of functional decline and disability risk in older adults.

一种以追溯疾病根本原因为核心的医学范式，通过分层解析从表象到因果的系统化方法，识别并干预疾病的上游驱动因素而非仅治疗下游症状。

A medical paradigm centered on tracing the root causes of disease, employing a systematic layered approach from phenotypic presentation to causation, identifying and intervening upstream drivers rather than merely treating downstream symptoms.

根因医学三层架构的第一层，聚焦于可观察的临床表型与症状表现，包括体格检查、实验室指标和影像学发现等可直接测量的疾病表象特征。

The first layer of the Root Cause Medicine three-tier architecture, focusing on observable clinical phenotypes and symptomatic manifestations, including physical examination findings, laboratory indices, and imaging discoveries that represent directly measurable disease presentations.

根因医学三层架构的第二层，解析器官系统功能状态及其动态变化规律，通过功能组学数据评估各系统的能力水平、储备功能和代偿机制。

The second layer of the Root Cause Medicine three-tier architecture, analyzing organ system functional status and dynamic changes, assessing capacity levels, reserve function, and compensatory mechanisms through functomics data.

根因医学三层架构的最深层，揭示驱动表型和功能异常的根本因果关系网络，整合多组学因果推断以识别疾病的上游分子和系统级驱动因素。

The deepest layer of the Root Cause Medicine three-tier architecture, revealing the fundamental causal relationship networks driving phenotypic and functional abnormalities, integrating multi-omics causal inference to identify upstream molecular and system-level disease drivers.

从物理学和信息论角度定义生命本质的基础原理，认为生命是持续从环境获取负熵以维持有序状态的热力学非平衡系统，其核心在于信息的存储、复制和演化。

A foundational principle defining the essence of life from physics and information theory perspectives, positing that life is a thermodynamically non-equilibrium system that continuously acquires negative entropy from the environment to maintain ordered states, with information storage, replication, and evolution at its core.

热力学中衡量系统无序程度的物理量，在生物学语境中代表机体组织结构功能退化的趋势，熵增是衰老过程的核心热力学特征之一。

A thermodynamic quantity measuring the degree of disorder in a system, representing in biological contexts the tendency toward structural and functional degradation of the organism, with entropy increase being one of the core thermodynamic features of the aging process.

薛定谔提出的概念，指生命系统通过新陈代谢从环境中获取的低熵物质和能量，用以抵消系统内部的熵产生，维持生命的有序状态和组织结构。

A concept proposed by Schrödinger referring to the low-entropy matter and energy that living systems acquire from the environment through metabolism to offset internal entropy production and maintain the ordered states and organizational structures of life.

在生物信息学语境下，衡量生物系统复杂性可通过计算模型压缩表达的程度，高可压缩性意味着系统存在简洁的底层规律，是根因医学寻找疾病简洁因果解释的理论基础。

In bioinformatics contexts, the degree to which biological system complexity can be compressed through computational models, where high compressibility implies the existence of concise underlying patterns, serving as the theoretical foundation for Root Cause Medicine's search for parsimonious causal explanations of disease.

从观察数据或实验数据中识别变量间因果关系的方法论体系，包括孟德尔随机化、贝叶斯网络和反事实框架等方法，在根因医学中用于建立从分子到临床的因果链。

A methodological framework for identifying causal relationships between variables from observational or experimental data, including Mendelian randomization, Bayesian networks, and counterfactual frameworks, used in Root Cause Medicine to establish causal chains from molecules to clinical outcomes.

研究不涉及DNA序列改变而影响基因表达的可遗传变化的学科，主要机制包括DNA甲基化、组蛋白修饰和非编码RNA调控，在发育、衰老和疾病中发挥关键作用。

The study of heritable changes in gene expression that do not involve alterations to the DNA sequence, with primary mechanisms including DNA methylation, histone modifications, and non-coding RNA regulation, playing critical roles in development, aging, and disease.

在DNA甲基转移酶催化下，将甲基基团添加到胞嘧啶5号碳位上的表观遗传修饰，主要发生在CpG二核苷酸位点，是调控基因转录活性和基因组稳定性的核心机制。

An epigenetic modification catalyzed by DNA methyltransferases that adds methyl groups to the 5-carbon position of cytosine, primarily occurring at CpG dinucleotide sites, serving as a core mechanism for regulating gene transcriptional activity and genomic stability.

DNA链上胞嘧啶之后紧接着鸟嘌呤的二核苷酸序列位置，人类基因组中约70%的CpG位点处于甲基化状态，CpG岛的异常甲基化与基因沉默和肿瘤发生密切相关。

A dinucleotide sequence location on the DNA strand where cytosine is followed by guanine, with approximately 70% of CpG sites in the human genome being methylated, and aberrant methylation of CpG islands being closely associated with gene silencing and tumorigenesis.

利用特定CpG位点甲基化水平的线性组合来估算生物学年龄的数学模型，现有多种算法如Horvath时钟、Hannum时钟和GrimAge等，各具不同的预测性能和应用场景。

A mathematical model that estimates biological age through linear combinations of methylation levels at specific CpG sites, with existing algorithms such as Horvath clock, Hannum clock, and GrimAge each offering different predictive performance and application scenarios.

由Steve Horvath于2013年开发的基于353个CpG位点的多组织表观遗传时钟，可跨多种组织类型准确估算DNA甲基化年龄，是目前应用最广泛的表观遗传年龄评估工具。

A multi-tissue epigenetic clock developed by Steve Horvath in 2013 based on 353 CpG sites, capable of accurately estimating DNA methylation age across multiple tissue types, currently the most widely used tool for epigenetic age assessment.

随年龄增长发生的DNA甲基化模式逐渐偏离 youthful 状态的现象，表现为全局甲基化水平下降和位点特异性异常甲基化增加，是表观遗传衰老的重要特征。

The phenomenon where DNA methylation patterns gradually deviate from youthful states with increasing age, manifested as declining global methylation levels and increased site-specific aberrant methylation, representing an important feature of epigenetic aging.

组蛋白N端尾部的共价修饰，包括甲基化、乙酰化、磷酸化和泛素化等，通过改变染色质结构调控基因转录活性，是表观遗传调控的重要机制之一。

Covalent modifications of histone N-terminal tails, including methylation, acetylation, phosphorylation, and ubiquitination, regulating gene transcriptional activity by altering chromatin structure, representing one of the important mechanisms of epigenetic regulation.

染色质重塑复合物通过消耗ATP能量改变核小体位置和组成的动态过程，调控DNA的可及性，从而影响基因转录、DNA复制和修复等基本生物学过程。

The dynamic process by which chromatin remodeling complexes alter nucleosome positioning and composition through ATP consumption, regulating DNA accessibility and thereby influencing fundamental biological processes including gene transcription, DNA replication, and repair.

以延长健康寿命和改善生命质量为目标的新兴医学领域，整合衰老生物学、预防医学和精准医学的方法，通过靶向衰老机制实现健康老龄化的主动管理。

An emerging medical field aimed at extending healthspan and improving quality of life, integrating approaches from geroscience, preventive medicine, and precision medicine to achieve proactive management of healthy aging by targeting aging mechanisms.

由López-Otín等学者系统归纳的衰老过程特征性机制框架，涵盖基因组不稳定、端粒损耗、表观遗传改变、蛋白质稳态失衡、营养感知失调等十二个核心特征。

A framework of characteristic aging mechanisms systematically summarized by López-Otín and colleagues, encompassing twelve core hallmarks including genomic instability, telomere attrition, epigenetic alterations, proteostasis loss, and dysregulated nutrient sensing.

细胞在应对各种应激信号后进入的不可逆生长停滞状态，伴随衰老相关分泌表型（SASP），分泌促炎因子和蛋白酶，在组织修复、肿瘤抑制和衰老相关疾病中具有双重作用。

An irreversible growth arrest state that cells enter in response to various stress signals, accompanied by the senescence-associated secretory phenotype (SASP) that secretes pro-inflammatory factors and proteases, playing dual roles in tissue repair, tumor suppression, and age-related diseases.

位于真核细胞染色体末端的重复DNA序列与结合蛋白构成的复合结构，每次细胞分裂时缩短，当缩短至临界长度时触发细胞衰老或凋亡，是细胞增殖能力的分子时钟。

A complex structure composed of repetitive DNA sequences and binding proteins at the ends of eukaryotic chromosomes, shortening with each cell division and triggering cellular senescence or apoptosis upon reaching a critical length, serving as a molecular clock for proliferative capacity.

线粒体作为细胞能量代谢中心执行氧化磷酸化、产生ATP、调控活性氧水平和介导细胞凋亡等核心功能，其功能衰退是衰老和多种退行性疾病的重要驱动因素。

The core functions of mitochondria as the cellular energy metabolism center, performing oxidative phosphorylation, generating ATP, regulating reactive oxygen species levels, and mediating apoptosis, with functional decline being an important driver of aging and various degenerative diseases.

组织器官中维持自我更新和分化潜能的成体干细胞群体，负责组织稳态维持和损伤修复，其数量减少和功能退化是衰老过程中组织再生能力下降的关键原因。

The population of adult stem cells within tissues and organs that maintain self-renewal and differentiation potential, responsible for tissue homeostasis and damage repair, with their numerical decline and functional deterioration being key causes of decreased regenerative capacity during aging.

个体在无重大慢性疾病和功能丧失的情况下维持良好健康状态和独立生活能力的时间跨度，是衡量老龄化质量的核心指标，也是长寿医学的首要干预目标。

The period during which an individual maintains good health and independent living capacity without major chronic diseases or functional decline, serving as the core metric for aging quality and the primary intervention target of longevity medicine.

从出生到死亡的总生存时间，受遗传、环境和生活方式等多种因素影响，长寿医学的目标是在延长自然寿命的同时更大幅度地延长健康寿命。

The total survival time from birth to death, influenced by genetic, environmental, and lifestyle factors, with the goal of longevity medicine being to extend healthspan to an even greater degree while extending lifespan.

能够靶向一个或多个衰老标志、延缓衰老进程并延长健康寿命的药物或化合物，如雷帕霉素、二甲双胍和NAD+前体等，是长寿医学药物干预策略的核心工具。

Drugs or compounds that target one or more hallmarks of aging to delay the aging process and extend healthspan, such as rapamycin, metformin, and NAD+ precursors, serving as core tools in the pharmacological intervention strategies of longevity medicine.

在保证必需营养素摄入的前提下减少日常热量摄入20%-40%的饮食干预策略，是目前最稳健的跨物种延长寿命和健康寿命的非遗传干预手段。

A dietary intervention strategy that reduces daily caloric intake by 20%-40% while ensuring adequate essential nutrient intake, currently the most robust non-genetic intervention for extending lifespan and healthspan across species.

细胞内关键的氧化还原辅酶和信号分子，参与能量代谢、DNA修复和表观遗传调控等核心生物过程，其水平随年龄增长显著下降，补充NAD+前体是重要的抗衰老策略。

A critical cellular redox coenzyme and signaling molecule involved in core biological processes including energy metabolism, DNA repair, and epigenetic regulation, whose levels decline significantly with age, with NAD+ precursor supplementation being an important anti-aging strategy.

细胞内蛋白质合成、折叠、转运和降解的动态平衡状态，由分子伴侣系统、泛素-蛋白酶体系统和自噬通路共同维持，其失衡是衰老和神经退行性疾病的重要标志。

The dynamic balance of protein synthesis, folding, trafficking, and degradation within cells, maintained by chaperone systems, the ubiquitin-proteasome system, and autophagy pathways, whose dysregulation is an important hallmark of aging and neurodegenerative diseases.

细胞通过mTOR、AMPK、胰岛素/IGF-1和sirtuin等信号通路感知营养状态并调控代谢的机制，营养感知失调与衰老进程加速密切相关，是抗衰老干预的重要靶点。

The mechanism by which cells sense nutrient status and regulate metabolism through signaling pathways including mTOR, AMPK, insulin/IGF-1, and sirtuins, with dysregulated nutrient sensing being closely associated with accelerated aging and serving as an important target for anti-aging interventions.

基因组DNA积累突变、染色体异常和DNA损伤修复缺陷的状态，是衰老的首要标志，可导致基因功能异常、细胞衰老和肿瘤发生，其程度随年龄增长而加剧。

The accumulation of mutations, chromosomal abnormalities, and DNA damage repair defects in the genome, representing the primary hallmark of aging, which can lead to gene dysfunction, cellular senescence, and tumorigenesis, with severity increasing with age.

衰老细胞释放的促炎细胞因子、趋化因子、生长因子和蛋白酶的特定分泌谱，可重塑组织微环境、诱导旁观者细胞衰老并促进慢性低度炎症，是衰老相关疾病的重要驱动因素。

The specific secretory profile of pro-inflammatory cytokines, chemokines, growth factors, and proteases released by senescent cells, capable of remodeling tissue microenvironments, inducing bystander cell senescence, and promoting chronic low-grade inflammation, serving as an important driver of age-related diseases.

利用计算模型、数字孪生和真实世界数据在计算机中模拟临床试验过程的技术，可在药物研发早期预测疗效和安全性，大幅缩短研发周期并降低临床试验成本。

A technology that simulates clinical trial processes in silico using computational models, digital twins, and real-world data, enabling prediction of efficacy and safety in early drug development stages, significantly shortening development cycles and reducing clinical trial costs.

将已获批药物应用于新适应证的药物开发策略，利用AI和多组学数据发现已知药物的新治疗靶点和作用机制，可显著降低研发风险、缩短开发周期和节约成本。

A drug development strategy that applies approved drugs to new indications, leveraging AI and multi-omics data to discover new therapeutic targets and mechanisms of action for known drugs, significantly reducing development risk, shortening timelines, and saving costs.

利用基因组学、蛋白质组学和生物信息学方法识别和验证与疾病相关的分子靶点的过程，是药物研发的起始和关键步骤，AI技术的引入大幅提升了靶点筛选的效率和准确性。

The process of identifying and validating molecular targets associated with disease using genomics, proteomics, and bioinformatics approaches, representing the initial and critical step in drug development, with AI technology significantly improving the efficiency and accuracy of target screening.

药物或干预措施在分子水平上产生治疗效果的特定生化交互过程，包括与靶点的结合方式、信号通路调控和下游效应，是药物开发和精准用药的基础知识。

The specific biochemical interactions through which a drug or intervention produces its therapeutic effect at the molecular level, including target binding modes, signaling pathway regulation, and downstream effects, serving as foundational knowledge for drug development and precision prescribing.

个体生理系统的数字化镜像模型，整合多组学数据、临床指标和生活方式信息，可用于模拟疾病进展、预测治疗反应和优化个性化干预方案。

A digital mirror model of an individual's physiological system, integrating multi-omics data, clinical indicators, and lifestyle information, which can be used to simulate disease progression, predict treatment responses, and optimize personalized intervention strategies.

整合基因组、转录组、蛋白质组、代谢组、表观基因组等多个生物学层面的数据进行联合分析的方法，可全面揭示生物系统的复杂调控网络和疾病机制。

An approach that integrates data from multiple biological layers including genomics, transcriptomics, proteomics, metabolomics, and epigenomics for joint analysis, comprehensively revealing the complex regulatory networks and disease mechanisms of biological systems.

基于网络生物学和系统药理学的方法，通过构建药物-靶点-疾病相互作用网络，系统揭示中药等多成分药物的整体作用机制，是中药现代化研究的关键技术。

An approach based on network biology and systems pharmacology that constructs drug-target-disease interaction networks to systematically reveal the holistic mechanisms of multi-component medicines such as traditional Chinese medicine, serving as a key technology for TCM modernization research.

中医诊断体系的核心概念，是对疾病在特定阶段病因、病位、病性和邪正关系的综合概括，反映了机体的整体功能状态和病理变化特点。

A core concept in the TCM diagnostic system, providing a comprehensive summary of disease etiology, location, nature, and the relationship between pathogenic factors and healthy qi at a specific stage, reflecting the body's overall functional status and pathological characteristics.

利用现代科学技术手段将中医证候从定性描述转化为可量化评估指标的研究方法，通过多组学数据和AI算法实现证候的客观化、标准化评价。

A research methodology that transforms TCM syndromes from qualitative descriptions into quantifiable assessment indicators using modern scientific and technological approaches, achieving objective and standardized syndrome evaluation through multi-omics data and AI algorithms.

将中医整体观念和辨证论治与现代医学精准诊断和循证治疗有机结合的医学模式，在保持各体系优势的同时形成互补协同的新型诊疗框架。

A medical model that organically combines the holistic concepts and syndrome differentiation of TCM with the precise diagnosis and evidence-based treatment of modern medicine, forming a complementary and synergistic new diagnostic and treatment framework while preserving the advantages of each system.